1. Unix Timeline History
2. Unix Solaris Version History
3. Sql Version History

Aug 04, 2007  Solaris / OpenSolaris This forum is for the discussion of Solaris, OpenSolaris, OpenIndiana, and illumos. General Sun, SunOS and Sparc related questions also go here. Any Solaris fork or distribution is welcome. Fully Qualified Oracle Solaris OS Versions. Location of the Oracle VM Server for SPARC Software. Location of Documentation. Minimum Oracle Solaris OS Versions. The minimum Oracle Solaris OS version for Oracle VM Server for SPARC 3.3 is Oracle Solaris 11.3. The minimum Oracle Solaris OS version for a given CPU type applies to all domain types (control, service, I/O, and guest).

Solaris is a Unixoperating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems. It superseded their earlier SunOS in 1993. In 2010, after the Sun acquisition by Oracle, it was renamed Oracle Solaris.^[3]

Solaris 2.5 is available - the first stable version of Solaris 2 Bechtolsheim, 48, left Sun in 1995 to start Granite Systems, which built 1-gigabit-per-second networking technology. 5.11 In this example, the version shown is Oracle Solaris 11 (5.11). If necessary, refer to your operating system documentation for information about upgrading the operating system.

For details on how to download older releases of Oracle Solaris, including Oracle Solaris 8 and Oracle Solaris 9, see 'Where to download Oracle Solaris ISO images and Update Releases (Doc ID 1277964.1)'. See Oracle Lifetime Support Policy: Oracle and Sun System Software for full details of the. The most reliable method for determining the release of the Solaris OS installed is through the contents of the /etc/release file. This file was first introduced in Solaris 2.5.1 HW 4/97 and is included in all subsequent versions. The various tables shown below can be used to map the contents of this file to the release of the Solaris OS installed.

Solaris is known for its scalability, especially on SPARC systems, and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace, ZFS and Time Slider.^[4][5] Solaris supports SPARC and x86-64workstations and servers from Oracle and other vendors. Solaris is registered as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification.^[6]

Historically, Solaris was developed as proprietary software. In June 2005, Sun Microsystems released most of the codebase under the CDDL license, and founded the OpenSolarisopen-source project.^[7] With OpenSolaris, Sun wanted to build a developer and user community around the software. After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems in January 2010, Oracle decided to discontinue the OpenSolaris distribution and the development model.^[8][9] In August 2010, Oracle discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris kernel, effectively turning Solaris 11 back into a closed sourceproprietary operating system.^[10] Following that, OpenSolaris was forked as illumos and is alive through several illumos distributions.

In 2011 the Solaris 11 kernel source codeleaked to BitTorrent.^[11][12] However, through the Oracle Technology Network (OTN), industry partners can still gain access to the in-development Solaris source code.^[9] Solaris is developed under a proprietary development model and only the source for open source components of Solaris 11 are available for download from Oracle.^[13]

• 2Supported architectures
• 5License
• 8Open source derivatives

History[edit]

In 1987, AT&T Corporation and Sun announced that they were collaborating on a project to merge the most popular Unix variants on the market at that time: Berkeley Software Distribution, UNIX System V, and Xenix. This became Unix System V Release 4 (SVR4).^[14]

On September 4, 1991, Sun announced that it would replace its existing BSD-derived Unix, SunOS 4, with one based on SVR4. This was identified internally as SunOS 5, but a new marketing name was introduced at the same time: Solaris 2.^[15] The justification for this new overbrand was that it encompassed not only SunOS, but also the OpenWindowsgraphical user interface and Open Network Computing (ONC) functionality.

Although SunOS 4.1.x micro releases were retroactively namedSolaris 1 by Sun, the Solaris name is used almost exclusively to refer only to the releases based on SVR4-derived SunOS 5.0 and later.^[16]

For releases based on SunOS 5, the SunOS minor version is included in the Solaris release number. For example, Solaris 2.4 incorporates SunOS 5.4. After Solaris 2.6, the 2. was dropped from the release name, so Solaris 7 incorporates SunOS 5.7, and the latest release SunOS 5.11 forms the core of Solaris 11.4.

Although SunSoft stated in its initial Solaris 2 press release their intent to eventually support both SPARC and x86 systems, the first two Solaris 2 releases, 2.0 and 2.1, were SPARC-only. An x86 version of Solaris 2.1 was released in June 1993, about 6 months after the SPARC version, as a desktop and uniprocessor workgroup server operating system. It included the Wabi emulator to support Windows applications.^[17] At the time, Sun also offered the Interactive Unix system that it had acquired from Interactive Systems Corporation.^[18] In 1994, Sun released Solaris 2.4, supporting both SPARC and x86 systems from a unified source code base.

On September 2, 2017, Simon Phipps, a former Sun Microsystems employee not hired by Oracle in the acquisition, reported on Twitter that Oracle had laid off the Solaris core development staff, which many interpreted as sign that Oracle no longer intended to support future development of the platform.^[19] While Oracle did have a large layoff of Solaris development engineering staff, development continues today of which Solaris 11.4 was released in 2018.^[20][21]

Supported architectures[edit]

Solaris uses a common code base for the platforms it supports: SPARC and i86pc (which includes both x86 and x86-64).^[22]

Solaris has a reputation for being well-suited to symmetric multiprocessing, supporting a large number of CPUs.^[23] It has historically been tightly integrated with Sun's SPARC hardware (including support for 64-bitSPARC applications since Solaris 7), with which it is marketed as a combined package. This has led to more reliable systems, but at a cost premium compared to commodity PC hardware. However, it has supported x86 systems since Solaris 2.1 and 64-bit x86 applications since Solaris 10, allowing Sun to capitalize on the availability of commodity 64-bit CPUs based on the x86-64 architecture. Sun has heavily marketed Solaris for use with both its own 'x64' workstations and servers based on AMDOpteron and IntelXeon processors, as well as x86 systems manufactured by companies such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard, and IBM. As of 2009, the following vendors support Solaris for their x86 server systems:

• Dell – will 'test, certify, and optimize Solaris and OpenSolaris on its rack and blade servers and offer them as one of several choices in the overall Dell software menu'^[24]
• Intel^[25]
• Hewlett Packard Enterprise^[26] – distributes and provides software technical support for Solaris on BL, DL, and SL platforms
• Fujitsu Siemens^[27]

As of July 2010, Dell and HP certify and resell Oracle Solaris, Oracle Enterprise Linux and Oracle VM on their respective x86 platforms,^[28]and IBM stopped direct support for Solaris on x64 kit.^{[citation needed]}

Other platforms[edit]

Solaris 2.5.1 included support for the PowerPC platform (PowerPC Reference Platform), but the port was canceled before the Solaris 2.6 release.^[29] In January 2006, a community of developers at Blastwave began work on a PowerPC port which they named Polaris.^[30] In October 2006, an OpenSolaris community project based on the Blastwave efforts and Sun Labs' Project Pulsar,^[31] which re-integrated the relevant parts from Solaris 2.5.1 into OpenSolaris,^[29] announced its first official source code release.^[32]

A port of Solaris to the Intel Itanium architecture was announced in 1997 but never brought to market.^[33]

On November 28, 2007, IBM, Sun, and Sine Nomine Associates demonstrated a preview of OpenSolaris for System z running on an IBM System zmainframe under z/VM,^[34] called Sirius (in analogy to the Polaris project, and also due to the primary developer's Australian nationality: HMS Sirius of 1786 was a ship of the First Fleet to Australia). On October 17, 2008, a prototype release of Sirius was made available^[35] and on November 19 the same year, IBM authorized the use of Sirius on System z Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) processors.^[36]

Solaris also supports the Linux platform application binary interface (ABI), allowing Solaris to run native Linux binaries on x86 systems. This feature is called Solaris Containers for Linux Applications (SCLA), based on the branded zones functionality introduced in Solaris 10 8/07.^[37]

Installation and usage options[edit]

Solaris can be installed from various pre-packaged software groups, ranging from a minimalistic Reduced Network Support to a complete Entire Plus OEM. Installation of Solaris is not necessary for an individual to use the system. Additional software, like Apache, MySQL, etc. can be installed as well in a packaged form from sunfreeware^[38] and OpenCSW.^[39] Solaris can be installed from physical media or a network for use on a desktop or server, or be used without installing on a desktop or server.^{[citation needed]}

Desktop environments[edit]

Early releases of Solaris used OpenWindows as the standard desktop environment. In Solaris 2.0 to 2.2, OpenWindows supported both NeWS and X applications, and provided backward compatibility for SunView applications from Sun's older desktop environment. NeWS allowed applications to be built in an object-oriented way using PostScript, a common printing language released in 1982. The X Window System originated from MIT's Project Athena in 1984 and allowed for the display of an application to be disconnected from the machine where the application was running, separated by a network connection. Sun's original bundled SunView application suite was ported to X.

Sun later dropped support for legacy SunView applications and NeWS with OpenWindows 3.3, which shipped with Solaris 2.3, and switched to X11R5 with Display Postscript support. The graphical look and feel remained based upon OPEN LOOK. OpenWindows 3.6.2 was the last release under Solaris 8. The OPEN LOOK Window Manager (olwm) with other OPEN LOOK specific applications were dropped in Solaris 9, but support libraries were still bundled, providing long term binary backwards compatibility with existing applications. The OPEN LOOK Virtual Window Manager (olvwm) can still be downloaded for Solaris from sunfreeware and works on releases as recent as Solaris 10.

Sun and other Unix vendors created an industry alliance to standardize Unix desktops. As a member of the Common Open Software Environment (COSE) initiative, Sun helped co-develop the Common Desktop Environment (CDE). This was an initiative to create a standard Unix desktop environment. Each vendor contributed different components: Hewlett-Packard contributed the window manager, IBM provided the file manager, and Sun provided the e-mail and calendar facilities as well as drag-and-drop support (ToolTalk). This new desktop environment was based upon the Motif look and feel and the old OPEN LOOK desktop environment was considered legacy. CDE unified Unix desktops across multiple open system vendors. CDE was available as an unbundled add-on for Solaris 2.4 and 2.5, and was included in Solaris 2.6 through 10.

In 2001, Sun issued a preview release of the open-source desktop environment GNOME 1.4, based on the GTK+ toolkit, for Solaris 8.^[40] Solaris 9 8/03 introduced GNOME 2.0 as an alternative to CDE. Solaris 10 includes Sun's Java Desktop System (JDS), which is based on GNOME and comes with a large set of applications, including StarOffice, Sun's office suite. Sun describes JDS as a 'major component' of Solaris 10.^[41] The Java Desktop System is not included in Solaris 11 which instead ships with a stock version of GNOME.^[42] Likewise, CDE applications are no longer included in Solaris 11, but many libraries remain for binary backwards compatibility.

The open source desktop environments KDE and Xfce, along with numerous other window managers, also compile and run on recent versions of Solaris.

Sun was investing in a new desktop environment called Project Looking Glass since 2003. The project has been inactive since late 2006.^[43]

License[edit]

Traditional operating system license (1982 to 2004)[edit]

For versions up to 2005 (Solaris 9), Solaris was licensed under a license that permitted a customer to buy licenses in bulk, and install the software on any machine up to a maximum number. The key license grant was:

License to Use. Customer is granted a non-exclusive and non-transferable license ('License') for the use of the accompanying binary software in machine-readable form, together with accompanying documentation ('Software'), by the number of users and the class of computer hardware for which the corresponding fee has been paid.

In addition, the license provided a 'License to Develop' granting rights to create derivative works, restricted copying to only a single archival copy, disclaimer of warranties, and the like. The license varied only little through 2004.

Open source (2005 until March 2010)[edit]

From 2005–10, Sun began to release the source code for development builds of Solaris under the Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL) via the OpenSolaris project. This code was based on the work being done for the post-Solaris 10 release (code-named 'Nevada'; eventually released as Oracle Solaris 11). As the project progressed, it grew to encompass most of the necessary code to compile an entire release, with a few exceptions.^[44]

Post-Oracle closed source (March 2010 to present)[edit]

When Sun was acquired by Oracle in 2010, the OpenSolaris project was discontinued after the board became unhappy with Oracle's stance on the project.^[45] In March 2010, the previously freely available Solaris 10 was placed under a restrictive license that limited the use, modification and redistribution of the operating system.^[46] The license allowed the user to download the operating system free of charge, through the Oracle Technology Network, and use it for a 90-day trial period. After that trial period had expired the user would then have to purchase a support contract from Oracle to continue using the operating system.

With the release of Solaris 11 in 2011, the license terms changed again. The new license allows Solaris 10 and Solaris 11 to be downloaded free of charge from the Oracle Technology Network and used without a support contract indefinitely; however, the license only expressly permits the user to use Solaris as a development platform and expressly forbids commercial and 'production' use.^[47] Educational use is permitted in some circumstances. From the OTN license:

If You are an educational institution vested with the power to confer official high school, associate, bachelor, master and/or doctorate degrees, or local equivalent, ('Degree(s)'), You may also use the Programs as part of Your educational curriculum for students enrolled in Your Degree program(s) solely as required for the conferral of such Degree (collectively 'Educational Use').

When Solaris is used without a support contract it can be upgraded to each new 'point release'; however, a support contract is required for access to patches and updates that are released monthly.^[48]

Version history[edit]

Notable features of Solaris include DTrace, Doors, Service Management Facility, Solaris Containers, Solaris Multiplexed I/O, Solaris Volume Manager, ZFS, and Solaris Trusted Extensions.

Updates to Solaris versions are periodically issued. In the past, these were named after the month and year of their release, such as 'Solaris 10 1/13'; as of Solaris 11, sequential update numbers are appended to the release name with a period, such as 'Oracle Solaris 11.4'.

In ascending order, the following versions of Solaris have been released:

^[83][84][85]

A more comprehensive summary of some Solaris versions is also available.^[86] Solaris releases are also described in the Solaris 2 FAQ.^[87]

Development release[edit]

The underlying Solaris codebase has been under continuous development since work began in the late 1980s on what was eventually released as Solaris 2.0. Each version such as Solaris 10 is based on a snapshot of this development codebase, taken near the time of its release, which is then maintained as a derived project. Updates to that project are built and delivered several times a year until the next official release comes out.

The Solaris version under development by Sun since the release of Solaris 10 in 2005, was codenamedNevada, and is derived from what is now the OpenSolaris codebase.

In 2003, an addition to the Solaris development process was initiated. Under the program name Software Express for Solaris (or just Solaris Express), a binary release based on the current development basis was made available for download on a monthly basis, allowing anyone to try out new features and test the quality and stability of the OS as it progressed to the release of the next official Solaris version.^[88] A later change to this program introduced a quarterly release model with support available, renamed Solaris Express Developer Edition (SXDE).

In 2007, Sun announced Project Indiana with several goals, including providing an open source binary distribution of the OpenSolaris project, replacing SXDE.^[89] The first release of this distribution was OpenSolaris 2008.05.

The Solaris Express Community Edition (SXCE) was intended specifically for OpenSolaris developers.^[90] It was updated every two weeks until it was discontinued in January 2010, with a recommendation that users migrate to the OpenSolaris distribution.^[91] Although the download license seen when downloading the image files indicates its use is limited to personal, educational and evaluation purposes, the license acceptance form displayed when the user actually installs from these images lists additional uses including commercial and production environments.

SXCE releases terminated with build 130 and OpenSolaris releases terminated with build 134 a few weeks later. The next release of OpenSolaris based on build 134 was due in March 2010, but it was never fully released, though the packages were made available on the package repository. Instead, Oracle renamed the binary distribution Solaris 11 Express, changed the license terms and released build 151a as 2010.11 in November 2010.

Open source derivatives[edit]

Current[edit]

• illumos – A fully open source fork of the project, started in 2010 by a community of Sun OpenSolaris engineers and Nexenta OS. Note that OpenSolaris was not 100% open source: Some drivers and some libraries were property of other companies that Sun (now Oracle) licensed and was not able to release.
• OpenIndiana – A project under the illumos umbrella aiming '.. to become the defacto OpenSolaris distribution installed on production servers where security and bug fixes are required free of charge.'^[92]
• SchilliX^[93] – The first LiveCD released after OpenSolaris code was opened to public.
• napp-it^[94] – A webmanaged ZFS storage appliance based on Solaris and the free forks like OmniOS with a Free and Pro edition.
• NexentaStor – Optimized for storage workloads, based on Nexenta OS.
• Dyson – illumos kernel with GNU userland and packages from Debian. Strives to become an official Debian port.
• SmartOS – Virtualization centered derivative from Joyent.

Discontinued[edit]

• OpenSolaris – A project initiated by Sun Microsystems, discontinued after the acquisition by Oracle.
• Nexenta OS (discontinued October 31, 2012) – First distribution based on Ubuntu userland with Solaris-derived kernel.^[95]
• StormOS (discontinued September 14, 2012^[96]) – A lightweight desktop OS based on Nexenta OS and Xfce.
• MartUX^[97][98] – The first SPARC distribution of OpenSolaris, with an alpha prototype released by Martin Bochnig in April 2006. It was distributed as a Live CD but is later available only on DVD as it has had the Blastwave community software added.^[99] Its goal was to become a desktop operating system. The first SPARC release was a small Live CD, released as marTux_0.2 Live CD^[100] in summer of 2006, the first straight OpenSolaris distribution for SPARC (not to be confused with GNOME metacity theme). It was later re-branded as MartUX and the next releases included full SPARC installers in addition to the Live media. Much later, MartUX was re-branded as OpenSXCE when it moved to the first OpenSolaris release to support both SPARC and Intel architectures after Sun was acquired by Oracle.^[101]
• MilaX – A small Live CD/Live USB^[102][103] with minimal set of packages to fit a 90 MB image.
• EON ZFS Storage^[104] – A NAS implementation targeted at embedded systems.
• Jaris OS – Live DVD and also installable.^[105] Pronounced according to the IPA but in English as Yah-Rees. This distribution has been heavily modified to fully support a version of Wine called Madoris that can install and run Windows programs at native speed. Jaris stands for 'Japanese Solaris'. Madoris is a combination of the Japanese word for Windows 'mado' and Solaris.
• OpenSXCE – An OpenSolaris distribution release for both 32-bit and 64-bit x86 platforms and SPARC microprocessors, initially produced from OpenSolaris source code repository, ported to the illumos source code repository to form OpenIndiana's first^[106] SPARC distribution.^[107] Notably, the first OpenSolaris distribution with illumos source for SPARC based upon OpenIndiana, OpenSXCE finally moved to a new source code repository, based upon DilOS.

Reception[edit]

• Robert Lipschutz and Gregg Harrington from PCMag reviewed Solaris 9 in 2002:^[108]

• Robert Lipschutz also reviewed Solaris 10:^[109]

• Tom Henderson reviewed Solaris 10 for Network World:^[110]

• Robert Escue for OSNews:^[111]

• Thomas Greene for The Register:^[112]

Unix Timeline History

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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86. ^'SunOS & Solaris Version History'. UC Berkeley Open Computing Facility. Archived from the original on July 8, 2006. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
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88. ^'10 New Network Services Components Featured in Sun's Java Enterprise System; New Software Express Program Accelerates Customer Access to Future Technologies' (Press release). Sun Microsystems. September 16, 2003. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
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90. ^'Operating System/Networking (ON) Download Center'. OpenSolaris web site. Archived from the original on December 10, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2006.
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92. ^Frequently Asked Questions, OpenIndiana, archived from the original on February 9, 2011, retrieved December 29, 2012
93. ^Preliminary Release, Jörg Schilling, January 17, 2017, retrieved September 9, 2017
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95. ^DownloadMirrors - Nexenta Project Wiki, archived from the original on April 5, 2010
96. ^StormOS is dead. Long live osdyson, stormos.org, September 14, 2012, archived from the original on October 10, 2013
97. ^Preliminary Release, Martin Bochnig, September 27, 2012, retrieved February 13, 2014
98. ^pavroo (June 14, 2016), MartUX, retrieved February 2, 2018
99. ^'Blastwave Open Source Sun Software'. September 20, 2006. Archived from the original on September 20, 2006.
100. ^'Preliminary SPARC 4u Release', marTux, Martin Bochnig, September 13, 2006, archived from the original on September 20, 2006, retrieved February 13, 2014
101. ^OpenSXCE 2013.01
102. ^MilaX, Alexander R. Eremin, archived from the original on June 22, 2018, retrieved December 29, 2012
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105. ^Project Jaris, archived from the original on July 22, 2011
106. ^151a0 (and soon to be last)
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111. ^Review of Solaris 10, OSNews
112. ^Sun's Linux killer shows promise • The Register

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Oracle SPARC and Solaris Public Roadmap(09 Mar 2018), archive.org copy
• Solaris at Curlie
• SunHELP – Sun/Solaris News, References, and Information
• Nikolai Bezroukov. Solaris vs. Linux: Ecosystem-based Approach and Framework for the Comparison in Large Enterprise Environments – Large Softpanorama article comparing Solaris 10 and Linux 2.6
• Everything Solaris – Solaris information site by Michael Holve

The history of Unix dates back to the mid-1960s when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AT&T Bell Labs, and General Electric were jointly developing an experimental time sharing operating system called Multics for the GE-645 mainframe.^[1]Multics introduced many innovations, but had many problems.

Bell Labs, frustrated by the size and complexity of Multics but not the aims, slowly pulled out of the project. Their last researchers to leave Multics, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Doug McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna among others,^[2] decided to redo the work on a much smaller scale.^[3] In 1979, Dennis Ritchie described their vision for Unix:^[3]

What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to do programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form. We knew from experience that the essence of communal computing, as supplied by remote-access, time-shared machines, is not just to type programs into a terminal instead of a keypunch, but to encourage close communication.

• 31980s

1969[edit]

In the late 1960s, Bell Labs was involved in a project with MIT and General Electric to develop a time-sharing system, called Multiplexed Information and Computing Service (Multics), allowing multiple users to access a mainframe simultaneously. Dissatisfied with the project's progress, Bell Labs management ultimately withdrew.

Ken Thompson, a programmer in the Labs' computing research department, had worked on Multics. He decided to write his own operating system. While he still had access to the Multics environment, he wrote simulations for the new file and paging system^{[clarification needed]} on it. He also programmed a game called Space Travel, but it needed a more efficient and less expensive machine to run on, and eventually he found a little-used Digital Equipment CorporationPDP-7 at Bell Labs.^[4][5] On the PDP-7, in 1969, a team of Bell Labs researchers led by Thompson and Ritchie, including Rudd Canaday, implemented a hierarchical file system, the concepts of computer processes and device files, a command-line interpreter, and some small utility programs, modeled on the corresponding features in Multics, but simplified.^[3] The resulting system, much smaller and simpler than Multics, was to become Unix. In about a month's time, in August 1969, Thompson had implemented a self-hosting operating system with an assembler, editor and shell, using a GECOS machine for bootstrapping.^[6]

1970s[edit]

The new operating system was initially without organizational backing, and also without a name. At this stage, the new operating system was a singletasking operating system,^[3] not a multitasking one such as Multics. The name Unics (Uniplexed Information and Computing Service, pronounced as 'eunuchs'), a pun on Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computer Services), was initially suggested for the project in 1970. Brian Kernighan claims the coining for himself, and adds that 'no one can remember' who came up with the final spelling Unix.^[7] Dennis Ritchie and Doug McIlroy also credit Kernighan.^[3][8]Peter H. Salus says that Peter G. Neumann coined the name.^[9] This statement, however, is just a quotation of Steve Bourne's conjecture, which is based on the fact Neumann liked puns. Salus did not contact with Neumann, neither did any confirmation.

When the Computing Sciences Research Center wanted to use Unix on a machine larger than the PDP-7, while another department needed a word processor, Thompson and Ritchie added text processing capabilities to Unix and received funding for a PDP-11/20.^[5] For the first time in 1970, the Unix operating system was officially named and ran on the PDP-11/20. A text formatting program called roff and a text editor were added. All three were written in PDP-11/20 assembly language. Bell Labs used this initial text processing system, consisting of Unix, roff, and the editor, for text processing of patent applications. Roff soon evolved into troff, the first electronic publishing program with full typesetting capability.

As the system grew in complexity and the research team wanted more users, the need for a manual grew apparent. The UNIX Programmer's Manual was published on 3 November 1971; commands were documented in the 'man page' format that is still used, offering terse reference information about usage as well as bugs in the software, and listing the authors of programs to channel questions to them.^[8]

After other Bell Labs departments purchased DEC PDP-11s, they also chose to run Unix instead of DEC's own operating system. By Version 4 it was widely used within the laboratory and a Unix Support Group was formed, helping the operating system survive by formalizing its distribution.^[5][8]

In 1973, Version 4 Unix was rewritten in the higher-level languageC, contrary to the general notion at the time that an operating system's complexity and sophistication required it to be written in assembly language.^[10][5] The C language appeared as part of Version 2. Thompson and Ritchie were so influential on early Unix that McIlroy estimated that they wrote and debugged about 100,000 lines of code that year, stating that '[their names] may safely be assumed to be attached to almost everything not otherwise attributed'.^[8] Although assembly did not disappear from the man pages until Version 8,^[8] the migration to C suggested portability of the software, requiring only a relatively small amount of machine-dependent code to be replaced when porting Unix to other computing platforms. Version 4 Unix, however, still had many PDP-11 dependent codes, and is not suitable for porting. The first port to other platform was made five years later (1978) for Interdata 8/32.^[11]

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The Unix operating system was first presented formally to the outside world at the 1973 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, where Ritchie and Thompson delivered a paper. This led to requests for the system, but under a 1956 consent decree in settlement of an antitrust case, the Bell System (the parent organization of Bell Labs) was forbidden from entering any business other than 'common carrier communications services', and was required to license any patents it had upon request.^[6] Unix could not, therefore, be turned into a product. Bell Labs instead shipped the system for the cost of media and shipping.^[6] Ken Thompson quietly began answering requests by shipping out tapes and disks, each accompanied by – according to legend – a note signed, 'Love, Ken”.^[12]

In 1973, AT&T released Version 5 Unix and licensed it to educational institutions, and licensed 1975's Version 6 to companies for the first time.^[13] While commercial users were rare because of the US$20,000 (equivalent to $93,123 in 2018) cost, the latter was the most widely used version into the early 1980s. Anyone could purchase a license, but the terms were very restrictive; licensees only received the source code, on an as is basis.^[13] The licenses also included the machine-dependent parts of the kernel, written in PDP-11 assembly language. Copies of the Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code circulated widely, which led to considerable use of Unix as an educational example. The first meeting of Unix users took place in New York in 1974, attracting a few dozen people; this would later grow into the USENIX organization. The importance of the user group stemmed from the fact that Unix was entirely unsupported by AT&T.^[6]

Versions of the Unix system were determined by editions of its user manuals;^[13] for example, 'Fifth Edition UNIX' and 'UNIX Version 5' have both been used to designate the same version. The Bell Labs developers did not think in terms of 'releases' of the operating system, instead using a model of continuous development, and sometimes distributing tapes with patches (without AT&T lawyers' approval).^[6] Development expanded, adding the concept of pipes, which led to the development of a more modular code base, and quicker development cycles. Version 5, and especially Version 6, led to a plethora of different Unix versions both inside and outside Bell Labs, including PWB/UNIX and the first commercial Unix, IS/1.

Unix still only ran on DEC systems.^[13] As more of the operating system was rewritten in C (and the C language extended to accommodate this), portability also increased; in 1977, Bell Labs procured an Interdata 8/32 with the aim of porting Unix to a computer that was as different from the PDP-11 as possible, making the operating system more machine-independent in the process. Unix next ran as a guest operating system inside a VM/370 hypervisor at Princeton. Simultaneously, a group at the University of Wollongongported Unix to the similar Interdata 7/32.^[14] Target machines of further Bell Labs ports for research and AT&T-internal use included an Intel 8086-based computer (with custom-built MMU) and the UNIVAC 1100.^[15][5]

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In May 1975, ARPA documented the benefits of the Unix time-sharing system which 'presents several interesting capabilities' as an ARPA network mini-host in RFC 681.

In 1978, UNIX/32V was released for DEC's then new VAX system. By this time, over 600 machines were running Unix in some form. Version 7 Unix, the last version of Research Unix to be released widely, was released in 1979. In Version 7, the number of system calls was only around 50, although later Unix and Unix-like systems would add many more:^[16]

Version 7 of the Research UNIX System provided about 50 system calls, 4.4BSD provided about 110, and SVR4 had around 120. The exact number of system calls varies depending on the operating system version. More recent systems have seen incredible growth in the number of supported system calls. Linux 3.2.0 has 380 system calls and FreeBSD 8.0 has over 450.

A microprocessor port of Unix, to the LSI-11, was completed in 1978,^[17] and an Intel 8086 version was reported to be 'in progress' the same year.^[14] The first microcomputer versions of Unix, and Unix-like operating systems like Whitesmiths' Idris, appeared in the late 1970s.^[13]

1980s[edit]

Bell developed multiple versions of Unix for internal use, such as CB UNIX (with improved support for databases) and PWB/UNIX, the 'Programmer's Workbench', aimed at large groups of programmers. It advertised the latter version, as well as 32V and V7, stating that 'more than 800 systems are already in use outside the Bell System' in 1980,^[18] and 'more than 2000' the following year.^[19] Research Unix versions 8, 9, and 10 were developed through the 1980s but were only released to a few universities, though they did generate papers describing the new work. This research focus then shifted to the development of Plan 9 from Bell Labs, a new portable distributed system.

By the early 1980s, thousands of people used Unix at AT&T and elsewhere, and as computer science students moved from universities into companies they wanted to continue to use it. Observers began to see Unix as a potential universal operating system, suitable for all computers. Less than 20,000 lines of code – almost all in C – composed the Unix kernel as of 1983, and more than 75% was not machine-dependent. By that year Unix or a Unix-like system was available for at least 16 different processors and architectures from about 60 vendors; BYTE noted that computer companies 'may support other [operating] systems, but a Unix implementation always happens to be available',^[5][13][20] and that DEC and IBM supported Unix as an alternative to their proprietary operating systems.^[21]

Microcomputer Unix became commercially available in 1980, when Onyx Systems released its Zilog Z8000-based C8002^[13] and Microsoft announced its first Unix for 16-bit microcomputers called Xenix, which the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) ported to the 8086 processor in 1983. Other companies began to offer commercial versions of Unix for their own minicomputers and workstations. Many of these new Unix flavors were developed from the System V base under a license from AT&T; others were based on BSD. One of the leading developers of BSD, Bill Joy, went on to co-found Sun Microsystems in 1982 and created SunOS for its workstations.

AT&T announced UNIX System III – based on Version 7, and PWB – in 1981. Licensees could sell binary sublicenses for as little as US$100 (equivalent to $275.59 in 2018), which observers believed indicated that AT&T now viewed Unix as a commercial product.^[13] This also included support for the VAX. AT&T continued to issue licenses for older Unix versions. To end the confusion between all its differing internal versions, AT&T combined them into UNIX System V Release 1. This introduced a few features such as the vi editor and curses from the Berkeley Software Distribution of Unix developed at the University of California, BerkeleyComputer Systems Research Group. This also included support for the Western Electric3B series computers. AT&T provided support for System III and System V through the Unix Support Group (USG), and these systems were sometimes referred to as USG Unix.^{[citation needed]}

In 1983, the U.S. Department of Justice settled its second antitrust case against AT&T, causing the breakup of the Bell System. This relieved AT&T of the 1956 consent decree that had prevented the company from commercializing Unix. AT&T promptly introduced Unix System V into the market. The newly created competition nearly crippled the long-term viability of Unix, because it stifled the free exchanging of source code and led to fragmentation and incompatibility.^[12] The GNU Project was founded in the same year by Richard Stallman.

Since the newer commercial UNIX licensing terms were not as favorable for academic use as the older versions of Unix, the Berkeley researchers continued to develop BSD Unix as an alternative to UNIX System III and V. Many contributions to Unix first appeared in BSD releases, notably the C shell with job control (modelled on ITS). Perhaps the most important aspect of the BSD development effort was the addition of TCP/IPnetwork code to the mainstream Unix kernel. The BSD effort produced several significant releases that contained network code: 4.1cBSD, 4.2BSD, 4.3BSD, 4.3BSD-Tahoe ('Tahoe' being the nickname of the Computer Consoles Inc. Power 6/32 architecture that was the first non-DEC release of the BSD kernel), Net/1, 4.3BSD-Reno (to match the 'Tahoe' naming, and that the release was something of a gamble), Net/2, 4.4BSD, and 4.4BSD-lite. The network code found in these releases is the ancestor of much TCP/IP network code in use today, including code that was later released in AT&T System V UNIX and early versions of Microsoft Windows. The accompanying Berkeley socketsAPI is a de facto standard for networking APIs and has been copied on many platforms.

During this period, many observers expected that UNIX, with its portability, rich capabilities, and support from companies like DEC and IBM, was likely to become an industry-standard operating system for microcomputers.^[21][22] Citing its much smaller software library and installed base than that of MS-DOS and the IBM PC, others expected that customers would prefer personal computers on local area networks to Unix multiuser systems.^[23] Microsoft planned to make Xenix MS-DOS's multiuser successor;^[13] by 1983 a Xenix-based Altos 586 with 512 KB RAM and 10 MB hard drive cost US$8,000 (equivalent to $20,124 in 2018).^[24]BYTE reported that the Altos 'under moderate load approaches DEC VAX performance for most tasks that a user would normally invoke', while other computers from Sun and MASSCOMP were much more expensive but equaled the VAX. The magazine added that both PC/IX and Venix on the IBM PC outperformed Venix on the PDP-11/23.^[21]uNETix, a commercial microcomputer Unix, implemented the first Unix color windowing system.^{[citation needed]}

In 1986, Computerworld wrote that 'Until very recently, almost no one associated Unix with corporate data processing. [..] the operating system traveled almost exclusively in academic and technical circles .. But now — almost entirely because of strenuous efforts by AT&T — some people are beginning to perceive Unix as a viable option for large commercial installations.' Unix became commercially available for the mainframe via Amdahl UTS in 1981, and now IBM started offering Unix as IX/370 and VM/IX. The total installed base of Unix, however, remained small at some 230,000 machines.^[25]:37,44

Despite its academic reputation – InfoWorld stated in 1989, 'Until recently, Unix conjured up visions of long-haired bearded technoids stuck in the bowels of an R&D lab, coding software until the wee hours of the morning' – the increasing power of microcomputers in the late 1980s, and in particular the introduction of the 32-bitIntel 80386, caused Unix to 'explode' in popularity for business applications; Xenix, 386/ix, and other Unix systems for the PC-compatible market competed with OS/2 in terms of networking, multiuser support, multitasking, and MS-DOS compatibility.^[26]

During this time a number of vendors including Digital Equipment, Sun, Addamax and others began building trusted versions of UNIX for high security applications, mostly designed for military and law enforcement applications.

Standardization and the Unix wars[edit]

A problem that plagued Unix in this period was the multitude of implementations, based on either System V, BSD, or what Poul-Henning Kamp later described as a 'more or less competently executed' combination of the two,^[27] usually with home-grown extensions to the base systems from AT&T or Berkeley.^[25]:38 Xenix was effectively a third lineage, being based on the earlier System III.^[28] The rivalry between vendors was called the Unix wars; customers soon demanded standardization.^[28]

AT&T responded by issuing a standard, the System V Interface Definition (SVID, 1985), and required conformance for operating systems to be branded 'System V'.In 1984, several European computer vendors established the X/Open consortium with the goal of creating an open system specification based on Unix (and eventually the SVID).^[29]Yet another standardization effort was the IEEE's POSIX specification (1988), designed as a compromise API readily implemented on both BSD and System V platforms. POSIX was soon^[when?] mandated by the United States government for many of its own systems.^{[citation needed]}

In the spring of 1988, AT&T took the standardization a step further. First, it collaborated with SCO to merge System V and Xenix into System V/386.^[28] Next, it sought collaboration with Sun Microsystems (vendor of the 4.2BSD derivative SunOS and its Network File System) to merge System V, BSD/SunOS and Xenix into a single unified Unix, which would become System V Release 4. AT&T and Sun, as UNIX International, acted independently of X/Open and drew ire from other vendors, which started the Open Software Foundation to work on their own unified Unix, OSF/1, ushering in a new phase of the Unix wars.^[28]

1990s[edit]

The Unix wars continued into the 1990s, but turned out to be less serious of a threat than it originally looked: AT&T and Sun went their own ways after System V.4, while OSF/1's schedule slipped behind.^[28] By 1993, most commercial vendors changed their variants of Unix to be based on System V with many BSD features added. The creation of the Common Open Software Environment (COSE) initiative that year, by the major players in Unix, marked the end of the most notorious phase of the Unix wars, and was followed by the merger of UI and OSF in 1994. The new combined entity retained the OSF name and stopped work on OSF/1. By that time the only vendor using it was Digital Equipment Corporation, which continued its own development, rebranding their product Digital UNIX in early 1995.POSIX became the unifying standard for Unix systems (and some other operating systems).^[28]

Meanwhile, the BSD world saw its own developments. The group at Berkeley moved its operating system toward POSIX compliance and released a stripped down version of its networking code, supposedly without any code that was the property of AT&T. In 1991, a group of BSD developers (Donn Seeley, Mike Karels, Bill Jolitz, and Trent Hein) left the University of California to found Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSDi), which sold a fully functional commercial version of BSD Unix for the Intel platform, which they advertised as free of AT&T code. They ran into legal trouble when AT&T's Unix subsidiary sued BSDi for copyright infringement and various other charges in relation to BSD; subsequently, the University of California countersued.^[30]Shortly after it was founded, Bill Jolitz left BSDI to pursue distribution of 386BSD, the free software ancestor of FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD.

Shortly after UNIX System V Release 4 was produced, AT&T sold all its rights to UNIX to Novell. Dennis Ritchie likened this sale to the Biblical story of Esau selling his birthright for the mess of pottage.^[31] Novell developed its own version, UnixWare, merging its NetWare with UNIX System V Release 4. Novell tried to use this as a marketing tool against Windows NT, but their core markets suffered considerably. It also quickly settled the court battles with BSDi and Berkeley.^[30]

In 1993, Novell decided to transfer the UNIX trademark and certification rights to the X/Open Consortium.^[32] In 1996, X/Open merged with OSF, creating the Open Group. Various standards by the Open Group now define what is and what is not a UNIX operating system, notably the post-1998 Single UNIX Specification.

In 1995, the business of administering and supporting the existing UNIX licenses, plus rights to further develop the System V code base, were sold by Novell to the Santa Cruz Operation.^[33] Whether Novell also sold the copyrights would later become the subject of litigation (see below).

With the legal troubles between AT&T/Novell and the University of California over, the latter did two more releases of BSD before disbanding its Computer Systems Research Group in 1995. The BSD code lived on, however, in its free derivatives and in what Garfinkel et al. call a second generation of commercial Unix systems, based on BSD. The first exponent of these was BSDi's offering, popular at internet service providers but eventually not successful enough to sustain the company.^[28]:22 The other main exponent would be Apple Computer.

In 1997, Apple sought a new foundation for its Macintosh operating system and chose NeXTSTEP, an operating system developed by NeXT. The core operating system, which was based on BSD and the Mach kernel, was renamed Darwin after Apple acquired it. The deployment of Darwin in Mac OS X makes it, according to a statement made by an Apple employee at a USENIX conference, the most widely used Unix-based system in the desktop computer market.^{[citation needed]}

Meanwhile, Unix got competition from the copyleft Linux kernel, a reimplementation of Unix from scratch, using parts of the GNU project that had been underway since the mid-1980s. Work on Linux began in 1991 by Linus Torvalds; in 1998, a confidential memo at Microsoft stated, 'Linux is on track to eventually own the x86 UNIX market,' and further predicted, 'I believe that Linux – moreso than NT – will be the biggest threat to SCO in the near future.'^[34]

2000s[edit]

In 2000, SCO sold its entire UNIX business and assets to Caldera Systems, which later changed its name to The SCO Group.

The bursting of the dot-com bubble (2001–03) led to significant consolidation of versions of Unix. Of the many commercial variants of Unix that were born in the 1980s, only Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX were still doing relatively well in the market, though SGI's IRIX persisted for quite some time. Of these, Solaris had the largest market share in 2005.^[35]

In 2003, the SCO Group started legal action against various users and vendors of Linux. SCO had alleged that Linux contained copyrighted Unix code now owned by the SCO Group. Other allegations included trade-secret violations by IBM, or contract violations by former Santa Cruz customers who had since converted to Linux. However, Novell disputed the SCO Group's claim to hold copyright on the UNIX source base. According to Novell, SCO (and hence the SCO Group) are effectively franchise operators for Novell, which also retained the core copyrights, veto rights over future licensing activities of SCO, and 95% of the licensing revenue. The SCO Group disagreed with this, and the dispute resulted in the SCO v. Novell lawsuit. On 10 August 2007, a major portion of the case was decided in Novell's favor (that Novell had the copyright to UNIX, and that the SCO Group had improperly kept money that was due to Novell). The court also ruled that 'SCO is obligated to recognize Novell's waiver of SCO's claims against IBM and Sequent'. After the ruling, Novell announced they have no interest in suing people over Unix and stated, 'We don't believe there is Unix in Linux'.^[36][37][38] SCO successfully got the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals to partially overturn this decision on 24 August 2009 which sent the lawsuit back to the courts for a jury trial.^[39][40][41]

On 30 March 2010, following a jury trial, Novell, and not The SCO Group, was 'unanimously [found]' to be the owner of the UNIX and UnixWare copyrights.^[42] The SCO Group, through bankruptcy trustee Edward Cahn, decided to continue the lawsuit against IBM for causing a decline in SCO revenues.^[43] On March 1, 2016, SCO's lawsuit against IBM was dismissed with prejudice.

In 2005, Sun Microsystems released the bulk of its Solaris system code (based on UNIX System V Release 4) into an open source project called OpenSolaris. New Sun OS technologies, notably the ZFS file system, were first released as open source code via the OpenSolaris project. Soon afterwards, OpenSolaris spawned several non-Sun distributions. In 2010, after Oracle acquired Sun, OpenSolaris was officially discontinued, but the development of derivatives continued.

Since the early 2000s, Linux is the leading Unix-like operating system, with other variants of Unix (apart from macOS) having only a negligible market share (see Usage share of operating systems).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Stuart, Brian L. (2009). Principles of operating systems: design & applications. Boston, Massachusetts: Thompson Learning. p. 23. ISBN978-1-4188-3769-3.
2. ^'In the Beginning: Unix at Bell Labs'.
3. ^ ^abcdeRitchie, Dennis M. (1984). 'The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System'. AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal. 63 (6 Part 2): 1577–93. Archived from the original on 6 May 2010. As PDF
4. ^'The Creation of the UNIX* Operating System: The famous PDP-7 comes to the rescue'. Bell-labs.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
5. ^ ^abcdef'The History of Unix'. BYTE. August 1983. p. 188. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
6. ^ ^abcdeSalus, Peter H. (2005). The Daemon, the Gnu and the Penguin. Groklaw. 'In August 1969, Ken Thompson's wife Bonnie took their year-old son on a trip to California to show off to their families. As a temporary bachelor, Ken had time to work. 'I allocated a week each to the operating system, the shell, the editor and the assembler [he told me].. and during the month she was gone, it was totally rewritten in a form that looked like an operating system'
7. ^Dolya, Aleksey (29 July 2003). 'Interview with Brian Kernighan'. Linux Journal.
8. ^ ^abcdeMcIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986(PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
9. ^Salus, Peter H. (1994). A Quarter Century of UNIX. Addison Wesley. p. 9. ISBN978-0-201-54777-1.
10. ^Stallings, William (2005). Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (5th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 91. ISBN978-8131703045.
11. ^'Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System'. Bell-labs.com. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
12. ^ ^ab'Origins and History of Unix, 1969–1995'. Faqs.org. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
13. ^ ^abcdefghiFiedler, Ryan (October 1983). 'The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace'. BYTE. p. 132. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
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Further reading[edit]

Books

• Salus, Peter H. (1994). A Quarter Century of UNIX. Addison Wesley. ISBN978-0-201-54777-1.

Television.

• 'UNIX'. The Computer Chronicles. 1985.
• 'Unix'. The Computer Chronicles. 1989.

External links[edit]

Unix Solaris Version History

• The UNIX System, at The Open Group.
• History of Unix at Curlie
• The Unix 1st Edition Manuals.

Sql Version History